Limits to Medicine↗
by Ivan Illich
Ivan Illich's 1976 critique of modern medicine and its iatrogenic effects on health
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Introduction & Preface
8 minThe medical establishment has become a major threat to health. The disabling impact of professional control over medicine has reached the proportions of an epidemic.
The Epidemics of Modern Medicine
15 minDuring the past three generations the diseases afflicting Western societies have undergone dramatic changes 1 Polio, diphtheria, and tuberculosis are vanishing; one shot of an antibiotic often cures...
The Medicalization of Life (Part 1)
27 minPolitical Transmission of Iatrogenic Disease # Until recently medicine attempted to enhance what occurs in nature.
The Medicalization of Life (Part 2)
39 minid="diagnostic-imperialism">Diagnostic Imperialism# In a medicalized society the influence of physicians extends not only to the purse and the medicine chest but also to the categories to which people
Introduction to Cultural Iatrogenesis
4 minIntroduction # We have dealt so far with two ways in which the predominance of medicalized health care becomes an obstacle to a healthy life: first, clinical iatrogenesis, which results when organic...
The Killing of Pain
21 minWhen cosmopolitan medical civilization colonizes any traditional culture, it transforms the experience of pain 1 The same nervous stimulation that I shall call "pain sensation" will result in a...
The Invention and Elimination of Disease
16 minThe French Revolution gave birth to two great myths: one, that physicians could replace the clergy; the other, that with political change society would return to a state of original health 1 Sickness...
Death Against Death
30 minDeath as Commodity # In every society the dominant image of death determines the prevalent concept of health 1 Such an image, the culturally conditioned anticipation of a certain event at an...
Specific Counterproductivity
11 minIatrogenesis will be controlled only if it is understood as but one aspect of the destructive dominance of industry over society; as but one instance of that paradoxical counterproductivity which is...
Political Countermeasures
33 minFifteen years ago it would have been impossible to get a hearing for the claim that medicine itself might be a danger to health.
The Recovery of Health
16 minMuch suffering has been man-made. The history of man is one long catalogue of enslavement and exploitation, usually told in the epics of conquerors or sung in the elegies of their victims.